States and Regions
Transregional Projects
- Albania
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Serbia
Adrian Papajani
Political, economical, social, cultural and religious ratio in the world and national history in primary and general secondary schools in Albania
Improvement of ratio between political, military and diplomatic aspects in one hand and social, economical, cultural and religious ones on the other was one of the focused points .in the process of History curricula changes during 1990s.
Apart from results, they were not those which really had to do both in the primary and secondary history education. Social, economical, cultural and religious aspects still occupy a not enough space in history textbooks.
One of the main reasons of such situation is the mentality of a considered number of authors about how important are those to be taught in school.
Here are the detailed data for each grade.
PRIMARY SCHOOL
Grade 5 (Ancient and Middle Age World History till 15th Century)
There are 54 themes in all. Only 15 from them or 27,7% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Early Humans.
2. Life in Primitive Community.
3. Ancient Egypt.
4. Mesopotamia and Assyria.
5. Greece in Ancient Time.
6. Greek Culture.
7. Rise of Christianity
8. Roman Culture.
9. Illyrian Culture.
10. Rise of Islam. Arabian Caliphate.
11. Feudalist and Serfs
12. Towns.
13. Development of Culture (Middle Age).
14. Humanism and European Renaissance.
15. Albanian Humanists.
Grade 6(16th Century - 1918)
There are 54 themes in all. Only 15 from them or 27,7% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Age of Geographical Discoveries.
2. Reformation in Germany.
3. Counter Reformation.
4. Important Changes in European Economical Life in 16th -18th Centuries.
5. Enlightenment.
6. Art and Literature in 18th Century.
7. Albanian Culture during 16th -18th Centuries and Spreading of Islam in Albania.
8. Romanism, a New Cultural Movement.
9. Industrial Revolution.
10. Important Changes in Social Life.
11. New Trends in Culture and Art.
12. Beginning of Albanian National Renaissance.
13. Education and Albanian Culture in the end of 19th Century.
14. Development of Education and Albanian Culture in the end of 19th Century.
15. Asia, Africa and Latin America in 19th Century.
Grade 7(1918 - 1990)
There are 52 themes in all. Only 5 from them or 9,53% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows :
1. Main Directions of Social and Economical Development in most important Countries after World War I.
2. USA during 1930 s (one subtopic only: Application of Economical Reforms).
3. Education and Albanian Culture (1920 s-1930 s).
4. Soviet Union after World War II.
5. Science, Culture and Art Now a Days.
Grade 8 (History of Albanian People. Ancient period - 1992)
There are 58 themes in all. Only 6 from them or 10,3% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Art and Culture of Illyrians in Ancient Period.
2. Culture (4th -14th Century).
3. Culture (16th -18th Century).
4. Political and Social Movements. (1928-1939).
5. Albania in Communist Block.
6. Deepening of Socialist Reforms, Education and Culture.
GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOL
Grade 9(Ancient and Middle Age World History till 15 h Century)
There are 59 themes in all. Only 19 from them or 32,2% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Early Humans. Period of Stone Utilisation.
2. Important Changes in work and life organisation of Early Humans. Period of Metal Utilisation.
3. Egypt.
4. Kingdom of Babylonia and Assyria.
5. Culture and Religion in the Middle East.
6. Greece in Second Millennium B.C.
7. Greece in Homeric Period.
8. Greek Culture.
9. Roman Culture.
10. Rise and Spread out of Christianity.
11. Illyrian Culture.
12. Rise of Islam. Arabian Caliphate.
13. Culture in Middle Age.
14. Economical Development of Europe in 11th -13th Centuries.
15. Society and Development of Culture.
16. Strengthen of Church’ s Power.
17. Arbëria in 11th -13th Centuries.
18. Humanism.
19. European Renaissance.
Grade 10(15th Century - 1871)
There are 59 themes in all. Only 12 from them or 20,33% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Consequences of Geographical Discoveries.
2. Necessity of Reformation.
3. Spreading of Reformation in Other Countries. Catholic Reformation.
4. Life in European Cities (17th -18th Centuries).
5. Industrial Revolution in England.
6. Development of Science and Culture.
7. Development of Enlightenment Ideas.
8. Albanian Culture in 17th-18th Centuries.
9. USA Constitution of 1787.
10. Triumph of Capitalism in Economy (19th -beginning of 20th Century).
11. Industrial Concentration and Market Control.
12. Workers’ Movement.
Grade 11(1871- 1990)
There are 97 themes in all. Only 10 from them or 10,3% are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Development of Education and Albanian Culture in the end of 19th Century.
2. Political and Economical Development of World after World War I.
3. New Deal of Roosevelt.
4. Soviet Union under Stalinist Dictatorship.
5. Scandinavian Countries between two World Wars.
6. Latin America between two World Wars.
7. Albanian Republic in 1925-1928.
8. Education and Science.
9. Scandinavian Countries after World War II.
10. Science, Art and Culture Now a Days.
Grade 12 (History of Albanian People. Ancient period - 1992)
There are 92 themes in all. Only 10 from them or 10,87 % are part of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious History. Those are as follows:
1. Art and Culture of Illyrians in Ancient Period.
2. Culture (13th -15th Century).
3. Albanian Culture in 16th Century - 20’ of 19th Century.
4. Religions in Albania.
5. New Characteristics in Economical and Social Life of Country (30’ of 19th Century - 1912.
6. Education and Science (1882-1908).
7. Cultural Life (1928-1939).
8. Reforms in the Fields of Education, Culture and Economy during Communist Regime
Improvement of this situation in history textbooks depends mainly by improvement of history syllabuses, a continuous pressure of history teachers on the authors, and participation of new history textbooks writers which have to have clearer visions about the important role of Economical, Social, Cultural and Religious history in school.