====== Croatiae auctores Latini ======
Neven JOVANOVIĆ (University of Zagreb)

A paper for the [[http://www.uni-muenster.de/Mittellatein/kongress.htm|15th Congress of the International Association for Neo-Latin Studies (IANLS), 05.-11. August 2012]], session //Digital Technology and Neo-Latin Research I//

{{:z:bulic-kartolina.jpg?nolink&|Greetings from Salona, 1913}}

(Image courtesy of [[http://www.mdc.hr/split-arheoloski/eng/index.html|Archaeological Museum Split]])

===== Abstract =====


The text collection Croatiae auctores Latini (CroALa, first version 2009, [[http://www.ffzg.hr/klafil/croala/]]) publishes freely accessible, peer-reviewed editions of Latin texts, literary and otherwise, written by or about people of Croatian origin from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. CroALa is of interest to scholars of Latin and Neo-Latin literature and language as well as of Croatian history and culture, but also to researchers from other disciplines and areas (history, art history, theology, even archaeology). 

The texts, which are edited, if not critically, then at least according to good scholarly practices, have been enhanced by additional information (e.g. bibliographic data, genre, metre, structural divisions) and by full-text search capabilities. 

In August 2012 CroALa comprised [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala|276 documents]] by c. [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&xxbrowseauthor=Termini|131 authors]], one special thematic sub-collection (the [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/laud.form.html|Laudationes urbium Dalmaticarum]]), as well as some [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/mc.form.html|secondary prosopographical and bibliographical data]] on Croatian Latin authors and texts.

Research possibilities will be demonstrated by four examples of what we can find in the collection.
===== The paper =====
The paper itself is [[http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~njovanov/ianls-munster/120730jovanovic-ianls.html|here]] (HTML). The handout can be found {{:z:1208jovanovic-ianls-handout.pdf|here}} (as PDF).

===== Examples and illustrations =====
==== Technology and ideology ====
  * [[http://www.tei-c.org/index.xml|The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)]] XML encoding standard for machine-readable texts, chiefly in the humanities, social sciences and linguistics.
  * [[http://sites.google.com/site/philologic3/|PhiloLogic]], a full-text search, retrieval and analysis tool developed at the University of Chicago
  * [[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/|Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License]] (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
  * [[http://sourceforge.net/projects/croala/|CroALa SourceForge code repository]]


==== Size and distribution (as of 2012-08-23) ====
  * Texts: 276
  * Authors: c. 131
  * Words: 4.685.419

  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&period=medi|Medieval documents]], //Litterae medii aevi// (700-1400): **15**
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&period=renat|Renaissance documents]], //Litterae renatae// (1400-1600): **170**
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&period=recent|Early Modern documents]], //Litterae recentiores// (1600-1850): **85**
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&period=novis|Modern]] documents, //Latinitas novissima// (1850-2000): **4**
  * (As yet) uncategorized: 2

==== Authors in CroALa ====
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&DFPERIOD=1&POLESPAN=5&THMPRTLIMIT=1|A list of works]] (ordered by year)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&xxbrowseauthor=Termini|A list of authors]] (ordered alphabetically)
  * Croatian authors mentioned in [[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e7e3741e24cd1bf0a2c8a7094d9f1179/filologanoga|IJsewijn 1990]]: 92-95, and their presence in CroALa:

^ IJsewijn ^ CroALa ^
| Tranquillus Andronicus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&title=&author=trankvil|Trankvil Andreis]] |
| Matthias Garbitius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=grbi|Matija Grbac]] |
| Laurentius Reginus Feltrensis | Lorenzo Regini da Feltre |
| Didacus Pyrrhus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=didak|Didak Pir]] |
| Marcus Bruerius Desrivauxius | Marko Bruerević Desrivaux |
| Franciscus Maria Appendini | Franjo Marija Appendini |
| Urbanus Appendini | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=append|Urban Appendini]] |
| Georgius Sisgoreus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=%C5%A0i%C5%BEgor|Juraj Šižgorić]] |
| Antonius Matijašević Karamaneo | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&title=&author=Matija%C5%A1ev|Antun Matijašević Karamaneo]] |
| Aelius Cerva / Cervinus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Ilija+C|Ilija Crijević]] |
| Ludovicus Pascalis | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=pask|Ludovik Paskalić]] |
| Jacobus Bonus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Jakov+Bun|Jakov Bunić]] |
| Damianus Benessa | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Damjan+B|Damjan Beneša]] |
| Stephanus Gradius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=gradi|Stjepan Gradić]] |
| Benedictus Stay | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=stay|Benedikt Stay]] |
| Rogerius Boscovicius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Ru%C4%91er|Ruđer Bošković]] |
| Bernardus Zamagna | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=zama|Bernard Zamagna (Zamanja)]] |
| Raymundus Cunichius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Kuni|Rajmund Kunić]] |
| Matthias Flaccius Illyricus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Vla|Matija Vlačić Ilirik]] |
| Marcus Marulus | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Maruli|Marko Marulić]] |
| Bartolomaeus Cassius | Bartol Kašić |
| Paulus Scalichius | Pavao Skalić |
| Faustus Verancius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=faust|Faust Vrančić]] |
| Mathias Petrus Katančić | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=katan|Matija Petar Katančić]] |
| Titus Brezovacki | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=brezo|Tito Brezovački]] |
| Zacharias Orfelin | Zaharija Orfelin |
| Junius Restius | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=D%C5%BEo&|Džono Rastić]] |
| Josephus Čobarnić | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=%C4%8Coba|Josip Čobarnić]] |
| Marcus Gagliuffus | Marko Galjuf |
| Ton Smerdel | [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=smerd|Ton Smerdel]] |

==== Some less known authors and texts ====
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=pavlov|Pavao Pavlović]], the chronicler of 14th century Zadar (//Memoriale//).
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&title=vau&author=rozan|Antun Rozanović]], who wrote a history of the Turkish attack on the island of Korčula in 1571
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&title=esse&author=kajet|Kajetan Vičić]], a 17th century author of the longest Croatian neo-Latin epic poem, the //Jesseid// (13,523 verses, 84,448 words)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Kr%C4%8De&|Balthasar Adam Krčelić]], who left the //Annuae//, a voluminous, posthumously censored //chronique scandaleuse// of the 18th century northern Croatia
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&author=Buli|Latin inscriptions and postcards of don Frane Bulić]] (1846–1934), archaeologist of Salona near Split
==== Text types, periods, and genres ====
Find all...
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&keywords=poesis|Poetry]] (''&keywords=poesis'')
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&period=renat|Renaissance]] (''&period=renat'')
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&genre=historia|Historiography]] (''&genre=historia'')
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&genre=epic|Epic poetry]] (''&genre=epic'')
Then we can start searching the "ad hoc corpus" of Croatian neo-Latin epic for, e. g, [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=*ison*&CONJUNCT=PHRASE&DISTANCE=2&PROXY=or+fewer&multidocid=44&multidocid=50&multidocid=74&multidocid=96&multidocid=105&multidocid=117&multidocid=118&multidocid=130&multidocid=195&multidocid=207&multidocid=211&multidocid=216&multidocid=220&multidocid=221&multidocid=222&multidocid=263&OUTPUT=conc&DFPERIOD=1&POLESPAN=5&THMPRTLIMIT=1|composites with -sonus]] or [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=*[uio]ped*&CONJUNCT=PHRASE&DISTANCE=2&PROXY=or+fewer&multidocid=44&multidocid=50&multidocid=74&multidocid=96&multidocid=105&multidocid=117&multidocid=118&multidocid=130&multidocid=195&multidocid=207&multidocid=211&multidocid=216&multidocid=220&multidocid=221&multidocid=222&multidocid=263&OUTPUT=conc&DFPERIOD=1&POLESPAN=5&THMPRTLIMIT=1|composites with -ped-]].

===== CroALa as a laboratory =====
==== Thinking about -ier infinitives ====
  * Search for [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=abducier%7Cacquirier%7Caddier%7Cadducier%7Cadgredier%7Cadjungier%7Cadmittier%7Cadstringier%7Caduersarier%7Cadversarier%7Cadvolvier%7Caffarier%7Cagitarier%7Callabier%7Camittier%7Camplectier%7Captarier%7Cattollier%7Caugerier%7Cavellier%7Cavertier%7Cblandirier%7Cbrigadier%7Ccaelarier%7Ccassier%7Ccelebrarier%7Ccenserier%7Ccernier%7Ccircumvolvier%7Ccogier%7Ccomitarier%7Ccommittier%7Ccomplectier%7Ccomponier%7Ccomprendier%7Cconcludier%7Ccondier%7Cconducier%7Cconferier%7Cconfundier%7Cconiungier%7Cconjungier%7Cconnectier%7Cconnitier%7Cconstringier%7Cconsumier%7Ccontemplarier%7Ccontingier%7Cconvertier%7Cconvolvier%7Ccorrumpier%7Cculparier%7Ccumularier%7Ccurvarier%7Cdedier%7Cdeducier%7Cdeferrier%7Cdefigier%7Cdeflectier%7Cdelabier%7Cdelerier%7Cdemergier%7Cdemittier%7Cdensarier%7Cdepingier%7Cdeprendier%7Cdescribier%7Cdevolvier%7Cdicier%7Cdiffindier%7Cdiffundier%7Cdignoscier%7Cdiripier%7Cdiscernier%7Cdiscindier%7Cdisfundier%7Cdisjungier%7Cdispergier%7Cdisrumpier%7Cdissolvier%7Cdistendier%7Cditarier%7Cdivellier%7Cdominarier%7Cducier%7Ceducier%7Ceffarier%7Cefferrier%7Ceffringier%7Ceffundier%7Celabier%7Ceuacuarier%7Cevellier%7Cevolvier%7Cexcludier%7Cexecrarier%7Cexoptarier%7Cexpellier%7Cexpendier%7Cexplerier%7Cexponier%7Cextendier%7Cfallier%7Cfarier%7Cfictier%7Cfindier%7Cfingier%7Cfirmarier%7Cflectier%7Cfundier%7Cfungier%7Cgeminarier%7Cgignier%7Cillabier%7Cimitarier%7Cimmergier%7Cimmutarier%7Cimpellier%7Cinclinarier%7Cinflammarier%7Cinflectier%7Cingredier%7Cinsectarier%7Cinsinuarier%7Cinternoscier%7Cinterponier%7Cintigier%7Cirascier%7Ciugularier%7Cjactarier%7Cjungier%7Clabier%7Clacerarier%7Claetarier%7Clargirier%7Classarier%7Claudarier%7Clinier%7Cluctarier%7Cl%C4%99dier%7Cmederier%7Cmedicarier%7Cmergier%7Cmetirier%7Cmirarier%7Cmiscerier%7Cmittier%7Cmodularier%7Cmoverier%7Cmutarier%7Cnanciscier%7Cnascier%7Cnectier%7Cnitier%7Cnoscier%7Cnumerarier%7Cobliviscier%7Comittier%7Costendier%7Cpandier%7Cparier%7Cpartirier%7Cpascier%7Cpatier%7Cpellier%7Cpenetrarier%7Cperfundier%7Cpergier%7Cperlabier%7Cpermutarier%7Cpingier%7Cplectier%7Cpotirier%7Cpraeferrier%7Cpraeterlabier%7Cpraevertier%7Cprendier%7Cproducier%7Cprogignier%7Cprogredier%7Cprotendier%7Cprotrudier%7Craptarier%7Creddier%7Creferrier%7Creflectier%7Crelabier%7Creminiscier%7Cremorarier%7Cremoverier%7Crenovarier%7Creperirier%7Creprendier%7Creuocarier%7Crevocarier%7Crumpier%7Csaucier%7Cscindier%7Cscrutarier%7Csectarier%7Cservarier%7Csimularier%7Csistier%7Csolarier%7Csolvier%7Csorberier%7Cspargier%7Csubmittier%7Csuccurrier%7Csuperexaltarier%7Csuperrarier%7Csuppeditarier%7Csupponier%7Csurpier%7Csuspendier%7Csustollier%7Ctangier%7Ctenuarier%7Ctestarier%7Ctexier%7Ctollier%7Ctornarier%7Ctractarier%7Ctradier%7Ctraducier%7Ctrahier%7Ctranferrier%7Ctransferrier%7Ctransmittier%7Cturbarier%7Cturparier%7Cuastarier%7Cuectarier%7Cuersarier%7Cuestirier%7Cuoluier%7Curgerier%7Cutier%7Cvergier%7Cversarier%7Cvertier%7Cvescier%7Cvincier%7Cvitarier%7Cvolvier&OUTPUT=kwic&CONJUNCT=PHRASE&DISTANCE=3&title=&author=&date=&DFPERIOD=1&POLESPAN=5&THMPRTLIMIT=1&KWSS=1&KWSSPRLIM=500&trsortorder=author%2C+title&editor=&pubdate=&shrtcite=&filename=&filesize=&sortorder=author%2C+title|all words ending in -ier]] (excluding such as //mulier// etc). There are 542 occurrences, and all are in works of poetry... but [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=aut+mutarier+unquam|one]]?
**Hypothesis**: infinitives in -ier occur only in poetry.
====  Looking for words which are rare in classical Latin ====
**Hypothesis**: words which are rare in our corpus of classical Latin are not necessarily rare in neo-Latin writing.

**Corroboration**: [[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/842055c9118cce2f7169b6724c617588|Helander 2004]]: 83 --- neo-Latin authors of 16th century "used the word //adorea// without hesitation". Cf. [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=adorea*|adorea.*]] in CroALa (14 occurrences, all poetry).

**Test**: compare a list of rare classical words (our source: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitaker%27s_Words|William Whitaker's WORDS]] list, where 7974 entries have been marked as "very rare" -- "having only single citation in OLD or L+S"). Send the stems of such presumably rare words to CroALa. The process is necessarily automated: querying for ca. 7000 words, even when done with a [[z:ianls-script|script]], takes about an hour.

(On Whitaker and his list, see [[http://profilecroatianneolatin.blogspot.com/2012/01/rare-and-medium.html|here]].)

**Rough results**: 2235 candidates found; here is [[http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~njovanov/ianls-munster/whit-croala.htm|a list of these "rare" words]] (or strings), with links to queries.
==== Discovering a thematic cluster: Danaides ====
  * Search for <html><a href="http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=bell%3Fia%3Fd%5Beu%5D%5B%5Exc%5D.*|danaid*">bell?ia?d[eu][^xc].*|danaid.*</a></html> (6 occurrences) and for [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=danai+prol*|danai prol.*]] (1 found)
  * See [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=bell%3Fia%3Fd%5Beu%5D%5B%5Exc%5D.*%7Cdanaid.*&CONJUNCT=PHRASE&DISTANCE=3&title=&author=&date=&DFPERIOD=1&OUTPUT=PF&POLESPAN=5&THMPRTLIMIT=1&KWSS=1&KWSSPRLIM=500&trsortorder=author%2C+title&editor=&pubdate=&shrtcite=&filename=&filesize=&sortorder=author%2C+title&dgdivhead=&dgdivtype=&dgdivocauthor=&dgdivocdateline=&dgdivocsalutation=&dgsubdivtag=&dgsubdivwho=|the company they keep]] (produce a "collocation table" of nearby words)
**Hypothesis**: the Danaides (or granddaughters of Belus) appear as part of a bigger poetic "underworld thematic cluster", together with Sisyphus, Ixion etc.  Found material enables us to compare //realizations// of this cluster in CroALa, to research similarities and differences in Janus Pannonius, Karlo Pucić, Ilija Crijević, Jakov Bunić, Ludovik Paskalić (all Renaissance poets), Ignjat Đurđević (18th c.), Džono Rastić (19th c.).

==== Testing a hypothesis: theatrum mundi ====
<blockquote>During [the period 1620-1720] the motif [of the //theatrum mundi//] becomes... extremely frequent. (...) It has in fact been regarded as the most important metaphor of the 17th century 

([[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/842055c9118cce2f7169b6724c617588|Helander 2004]]: 422)</blockquote>

Searching for phrases separated by five words or less:

  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=th%3FEatr*+mUnd*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|th?Eatr.* mUnd.*]] (4 found: Marulić, Bunić, Vičić)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=mUnd*+th%3FEatr*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|mUnd.* th?Eatr.*]] (2 found: M. Vlačić Ilirik, B. Stay)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=orb*+th%3FEatr*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|orb.* th?Eatr.*]] (1 found, M. Nimira)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=terr*+th%3FEatr*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|terr.* th?Eatr.*]] (1 found, Marulić)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=mUnd*+scEn*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|mUnd.* scEn.*]] (3 occurrences, all by B. Stay)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=rer*+scEn*&OUTPUT=conc&CONJUNCT=PROXY&DISTANCE=5|rer.* scEn.*]] (2 found, similar in Vičić and Čobarnić)
  * [[http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/klafil/croala/cgi-bin/search3t?dbname=croala&word=trago?a?Ed.*|trago?a?Ed.*]] (57 found)
**Hypothesis 1**: the idea of //theatrum mundi// is not as important for Croatian neo-Latin literature (including its 17th century) as it is for Sweden.

**Hypothesis 2**: Croatian 17th century Latin texts are not well represented in CroALa.